A
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (A rapidly growing cancer of the white blood cells) Systems/Organs Affected: Vascular, Lymphatic, Systemic, Bone Marrow, Immune Treatment Originators - 6-Mercaptopurin: Gertrude Elion George Hitchings
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Deficiency Syndrome (An immune system disease, AIDS is the final stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)) Systems/Organs Affected: Immune system Treatment Originators: Luc Montagnier Gervais Dionne Bernard Belleau Francesco Bellini Nghe Nguyen-Ga
AIDS (An immune system disease, AIDS is the final stage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)) Systems/Organs Affected: Immune system Treatment Originators: Luc Montagnier Gervais Dionne Bernard Belleau Francesco Bellini Nghe Nguyen-Ga
Airway Obstruction (Choking due to a foreign object lodged in the airway) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory; Cardiovascular; Systemic Treatment Originators - Heimlich Maneuver: Henry Heimlich Edward Patrick
Atherosclerosis (The buildup of fatty plaques on artery walls, restricting blood flow) Systems/Organs Affected: Cardiovascular, Circulatory, Respiratory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Angioplasty: Andreas Gruentzig
B
Blocked Arteries (A disease involving narrowed arteries or blood vessels, resulting in angina, stroke or heart attack) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory, Heart Treatment Originators - Bypass Surgery: Vladimir Demikhov Vasilii Kolesov Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens
Blue Baby Syndrome (A congenital heart defect, often fatal, that prevents proper levels of oxygen in the blood) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory, Respiratory, Heart Treatment Originators: Alfred Blalock Vivien Thomas
Bradycardia; Slow Heartbeat (A dangerously slow heartbeat) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Pacemaker: Wilson Greatbatch
Breast Cancer (A cancer originating in the cells of the breast) Systems/Organs Affected: Breast, Lymphatic, Systemic Treatment Originators - Diagnostic Mammography: Albert Salomon Walter Vogel Stafford Warren Jacob Gershon-Cohen Raul Leborgne Charles Gros
C
Cardiovascular Disease (A disease involving narrowed arteries or blood vessels, resulting in angina, stroke or heart attack) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory, Heart Treatment Originators - Bypass Surgery: Vladimir Demikhov Vasilii Kolesov Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens
Cerebrovascular Accident; CVA (A stroke, resulting in brain tissue death due to lack of blood flow and oxygenation) Systems/Organs Affected: Brain, Circulatory Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens Treatment Originator - Preventive Statins to Lower Cholesterol: Akira Endo
Cervical Cancer (Cancer of the cervix, the lower end of the uterus that connects to the top of the vagina) Systems/Organs Affected: Reproductive, Uterus Treatment Originators: Georgios Papanikolaou Herbert Traut Aurel Babes
Chickenpox (A red itchy skin rash, usually affecting children, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a herpes family virus) Systems/Organs Affected: Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators: Acyclovir Gertrude Elion
Choking (Choking due to a foreign object lodged in the airway) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory; Cardiovascular; Systemic Treatment Originators - Heimlich Maneuver: Henry Heimlich Edward Patrick
Cholera (An acute bacterial infection of the intestine, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration; often fatal if not quickly treated; infection often spread through contaminated water supplies) Systems/Organs Affected: Gastrointestinal, Stomach, Bowels; impacts all systems and organs if left untreated Treatment Originators - Oral Rehydration Therapy: Robert Phillips David Nalin Richard Cash Norbert Hirschhorn David Sachar Treatment Originators - Water Purification/Chlorination: Abel Wolman Linn Enslow
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia; CML (A cancer of the white blood cells, the myeloid cells, within the bone marrow, resulting in unregulated growth) Systems/Organs Affected: Vascular, Lymphatic, Systemic, Myeloid (Bone Marrow) Treatment Originators: Gleevec for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Brian Druker Nicholas Lydon Charles Sawyers
Cold Sores (Small blisters on or around the lips caused by the herpes virus) Systems/Organs Affected: Face, Integumentary Treatment Originators: Acyclovir Gertrude Elion
Congestive Heart Failure (Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's oxygen and nutrient needs) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Pacemaker: Wilson Greatbatch
Coronary Artery Disease (The buildup of fatty plaques on artery walls, restricting blood flow) Systems/Organs Affected: Cardiovascular, Circulatory, Respiratory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Angioplasty: Andreas Gruentzig
Coronary Heart Disease (The buildup of fatty plaques on artery walls, restricting blood flow) Systems/Organs Affected: Cardiovascular, Circulatory, Respiratory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Angioplasty: Andreas Gruentzig
D
Dehydration (A fluid imbalance in which the body loses more fluids than it takes in; potentially fatal) Systems/Organs Affected: All systems and organs Treatment Originators: Robert Phillips David Nalin Richard Cash Norbert Hirschhorn David Sachar
Diabetes (A disease in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body does not respond normally to insulin) Systems/Organs Affected: Immune, Endocrine, Pancreas, Liver Treatment Originators: Frederick Banting Charles Best James "Bert" Collip J.J.R. (John) Macleod
Diarrhea (Frequent loose, watery bowel movements, resulting in loss of water and salts) Systems/Organs Affected: Gastrointestinal, Stomach, Bowels; impacts all systems and organs when condition is chronic) Treatment Originators: Robert Phillips David Nalin Richard Cash Norbert Hirschhorn David Sachar
Diphtheria (A highly contagious, potentially fatal bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Throat, Heart, Kidneys, Nervous System Treatment Originators - Diphtheria Antitoxin: Paul Ehrlich Emil von Behring Shibasaburo Kitasato Gaston Ramon Treatment Originators - DPT, leading to new generation Diphtheria/Tetanus Toxoids/Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Grace Eldering Pearl Kendrick
Dysentery (A potentially fatal inflammatory disease of the large intestines, resulting in severe bloody diarrhea; infection often spread through contaminated water supplies) Systems/Organs Affected: Gastrointestinal Treatment Originators - Water Purification/Chlorination: Abel Wolman Linn Enslow
E
End-Stage Renal Disease (A total, or near total, failure of the kidneys to function) Systems/Organs Affected: Renal, Kidney, Systemic Treatment Originators: Azathioprine to avoid organ transplant rejection Gertrude Elion George Hitchings
Eerythroblastosis Fetalis (An incompatibility of blood types between mother and fetus, potentially causing serious organ damage or death to the baby) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Hepatic; Lymphatic; Cardiovascular Treatment Originators - RHo(D) Immune Globulin (Human): Ronald Finn
F
Famine (An extreme scarcity of food, leading to starvation, sickness and death) Systems/Organs Affected: All systems and organs Treatment Originators: Norman Borlaug Carl Bosch Andre Briend Fritz Haber Paul Muller
Flu; Influenza (A viral infection of the respiratory tract) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Nose, Mouth, Throat, Lungs Treatment Originators - Influenza Vaccine Thomas Francis, Jr.
G
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; GIST (A rare cancer of the gastrointestinal tract) Systems/Organs Affected: Gastrointestinal, Vascular, Bone, Synovial Tissue (Tissue Around Joints) Treatment Originators: Gleevec for GIST Brian Druker Nicholas Lydon Charles Sawyers
Genital Herpes (A sexually transmitted viral infection affecting the tissue surrounding the genitals) Systems/Organs Affected: Genitals, Integumentary Treatment Originators: Acyclovir Gertrude Elion
German Measles (A highly contagious viral disease, resulting in a rash covering the entire body) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators - Measles Virus Vaccine: John Enders Thomas Peebles Samuel Katz Kevin McCarthy Milan Milovanovic Anna Mitus Ann Holloway Maurice Hilleman
H
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn; HDN (An incompatibility of blood types between mother and fetus, potentially causing serious organ damage or death to the baby) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Hepatic; Lymphatic; Cardiovascular Treatment Originators - RHo(D) Immune Globulin (Human): Ronald Finn
Haemophilus influenza type b; Hib (An invasive disease, the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, primarily affecting children under the age of five) Systems/Organs Affected: Multiple systems; may cause pneumonia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, others Treatment Originators: Porter Anderson David Smith John Robbins Rachel Schneerson
Heart Attack (Permanent damage to, or death of part of the heart muscle due to lack of blood flow and oxygenation) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens Treatment Originator - Preventive Statins to Lower Cholesterol: Akira Endo
Heart Failure (Inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's oxygen and nutrient needs) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Pacemaker: Wilson Greatbatch
Hepatitis B (A serious infection and inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV); when chronic may cause liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis) Systems/Organs Affected: Hepatic, Vascular, Liver, Kidneys Treatment Originators: Baruch Blumberg Kenneth Murray Irving Millman
Herpes (A virus causing genital herpes, cold sores, shingles and chicken pox) Systems/Organs Affected: Genitals, Integumentary Treatment Originators: Acyclovir Gertrude Elion
Hib; Haemophilus influenza type b (An invasive disease, the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, primarily affecting children under the age of five) Systems/Organs Affected: Multiple systems; may cause pneumonia, meningitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, others Treatment Originators - Hib Vaccine: Porter Anderson David Smith John Robbins Rachel Schneerson
High Cholesterol (A buildup of fatty deposits in the blood vessels, which reduces blood flow and oxygenation, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Coronary, Respiratory; Systemic Treatment Originators - Healthy diet to control cholesterol: Ancel Keys Treatment Originators - Statin Drugs: Akira Endo
Hyaline Membrane Disease (A deficiency of surfactant, resulting in the collapse of the lungs in infants) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Lungs Treatment Originators: Mary Ellen Avery John Clements Tetsuro Fujiwara
Hypercholesterolemia (An elevation of cholesterol in the bloodstream, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Coronary, Respiratory; Systemic Treatment Originators - Healthy diet to control cholesterol: Ancel Keys Treatment Originators - Statin Drugs: Akira Endo
Hyperlipidemia (An elevation of lipids (fats) in the bloodstream, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Coronary, Respiratory; Systemic Treatment Originators - Healthy diet to control cholesterol: Ancel Keys Treatment Originators - Statin Drugs: Akira Endo
Hypertriglyceridemia (An elevation of triglycerides (fats) in the bloodstream, increasing the risk of coronary artery disease, heart attack and stroke) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Coronary, Respiratory; Systemic Treatment Originators - Healthy diet to control cholesterol: Ancel Keys Treatment Originators - Statin Drugs: Akira Endo
I
Influenza (A viral infection of the respiratory tract) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Nose, Mouth, Throat, Lungs Treatment Originators - Influenza Vaccine Thomas Francis, Jr.
J
K
Kidney Failure (A total, or near total, failure of the kidneys to function) Systems/Organs Affected: Renal, Kidney, Systemic Treatment Originators: Azathioprine to avoid organ transplant rejection Gertrude Elion George Hitchings
L
Leukemia (A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, usually originating in the white blood cells) Systems/Organs Affected: Vascular, Lymphatic, Systemic, Myeloid (Bone Marrow) Treatment Originators: Gleevec for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Brian Druker Nicholas Lydon Charles Sawyers
Liver Infection; Hepatitis B (A serious infection and inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV); when chronic may cause liver failure, liver cancer or cirrhosis) Systems/Organs Affected: Hepatic, Vascular, Liver, Kidneys Treatment Originators: Baruch Blumberg Kenneth Murray Irving Millman
M
Malnutrition (The lack of adequate nutrients to support a healthy body, with symptoms ranging from mild to life-threatening) Systems/Organs Affected: All systems and organs Treatment Originators: Norman Borlaug Carl Bosch Andre Briend Fritz Haber Paul Muller
Mastocytosis (A buildup of mast cells in the body, either cutaneous (skin only) or systemic) Systems/Organs Affected: Systemic, Integumentary, Liver, Spleen, Bone Marrow, Small Intestine) Treatment Originators: Gleevec for Mastocytosis Brian Druker Nicholas Lydon Charles Sawyers
Measles (A highly contagious viral disease, resulting in a rash covering the entire body) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators - Measles Virus Vaccine: John Enders Thomas Peebles Samuel Katz Kevin McCarthy Milan Milovanovic Anna Mitus Ann Holloway Maurice Hilleman
Myocardial Infarction (Permanent damage to, or death of part of the heart muscle due to lack of blood flow and oxygenation) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens
N
Narrowed Arteries (A disease involving narrowed arteries or blood vessels, resulting in angina, stroke or heart attack) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory, Heart Treatment Originators - Bypass Surgery: Vladimir Demikhov Vasilii Kolesov Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens
O
P
Pertussis (A potentially fatal bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, primarily affecting children) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory Treatment Originators - DPT, leading to new generation Diphtheria/Tetanus Toxoids/Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Grace Eldering Pearl Kendrick
Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia; CML (A cancer of the white blood cells, the myeloid cells, within the bone marrow, resulting in unregulated growth) Systems/Organs Affected: Vascular, Lymphatic, Systemic, Myeloid (Bone Marrow) Treatment Originators: Gleevec for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Brian Druker Nicholas Lydon Charles Sawyers
Polio (A viral disease affecting the nerves, possibly resulting in partial or full paralysis) Systems/Organs Affected: Nervous, Systemic, Lymphatic, Treatment Originators - Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated: John Enders Jonas Salk Thomas Weller Frederick Robbins Thomas Francis, Jr. Treatment Originators - Poliovirus Vaccine, Live (Oral Route): John Enders Albert Sabin Thomas Weller Frederick Robbins
Poliomyelitis (A viral disease affecting the nerves, possibly resulting in partial or full paralysis) Systems/Organs Affected: Nervous, Systemic, Lymphatic, Treatment Originators - Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated: John Enders Jonas Salk Thomas Weller Frederick Robbins Thomas Francis, Jr. Treatment Originators - Poliovirus Vaccine, Live (Oral Route): John Enders Albert Sabin Thomas Weller Frederick Robbins
Q
R
Red Measles (A highly contagious viral disease, resulting in a rash covering the entire body) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators - Measles Virus Vaccine: John Enders Thomas Peebles Samuel Katz Kevin McCarthy Milan Milovanovic Anna Mitus Ann Holloway Maurice Hilleman
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (A deficiency of surfactant, resulting in the collapse of the lungs in infants) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Lungs Treatment Originators: Mary Ellen Avery John Clements Tetsuro Fujiwara
Rh Haemolytic Disease (An incompatibility of blood types between mother and fetus, potentially causing serious organ damage or death to the baby) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory; Hepatic; Lymphatic; Cardiovascular Treatment Originators - RHo(D) Immune Globulin (Human): Ronald Finn
Rubella (A highly contagious viral disease, resulting in a rash covering the entire body) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators - Measles Virus Vaccine: John Enders Thomas Peebles Samuel Katz Kevin McCarthy Milan Milovanovic Anna Mitus Ann Holloway Maurice Hilleman
Rubeola (A highly contagious viral disease, resulting in a rash covering the entire body) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Integumentary, Systemic Treatment Originators - Measles Virus Vaccine: John Enders Thomas Peebles Samuel Katz Kevin McCarthy Milan Milovanovic Anna Mitus Ann Holloway Maurice Hilleman
S
Seasonal Flu; Influenza (A viral infection of the respiratory tract) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory, Nose, Mouth, Throat, Lungs Treatment Originators - Influenza Vaccine Thomas Francis, Jr.
Shingles (A painful skin rash, usually on the back and chest, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, a herpes family virus) Systems/Organs Affected: Back, Chest, Integumentary Treatment Originators: Acyclovir Gertrude Elion
Slow Heartbeat; Bradycardia (A dangerously slow heartbeat) Systems/Organs Affected: Heart, Circulatory, Systemic Treatment Originators - Pacemaker: Wilson Greatbatch
Smallpox (A potentially fatal, highly contagious, disfiguring disease; eradicated worldwide in the 1970s) Systems/Organs Affected: Systemic; Integumentary; Gastrointestinal Treatment Originators - Smallpox Vaccine and Eradication: Edward Jenner Leslie Collier Aaron Ismach Benjamin Rubin Bill Foege
Starvation (The lack of adequate nutrients to support a healthy body, often resulting in death) Systems/Organs Affected: All systems and organs Treatment Originators: Norman Borlaug Carl Bosch Andre Briend Fritz Haber Paul Muller
Stroke (A sudden insult, resulting in brain tissue death due to lack of blood flow and oxygenation) Systems/Organs Affected: Brain, Circulatory Treatment Originators - Preventive Aspirin Therapy: Lawrence Craven Paul Gibson Charles Hennekens Treatment Originator - Preventive Statins to Lower Cholesterol: Akira Endo
T
Tetanus (A potentially fatal bacterial disease of the nervous system) Systems/Organs Affected: Nervous System, Musculoskeletal, Respiratory Treatment Originators - Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine: Emil von Behring Shibasaburo Kitasato Gaston Ramon Treatment Originators - DPT, leading to new generation Diphtheria/Tetanus Toxoids/Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Grace Eldering Pearl Kendrick
Tetralogy of Fallot (A congenital heart defect, often fatal, that prevents proper levels of oxygen in the blood) Systems/Organs Affected: Circulatory, Respiratory, Heart Treatment Originators: Alfred Blalock Vivien Thomas
Typhoid Fever (A potentially fatal illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, often spread through contaminated water supplies) Systems/Organs Affected: Gastrointestinal, Integumentary Treatment Originators - Water Purification/Chlorination: Abel Wolman Linn Enslow
U
V
W
Whooping Cough (A potentially fatal bacterial infection of the respiratory tract, primarily affecting children) Systems/Organs Affected: Respiratory Treatment Originators - DPT, leading to new generation Diphtheria/Tetanus Toxoids/Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Grace Eldering Pearl Kendrick
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Z
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